Nephrology and Kidney Diseases

Acute Kidney Injury: Causes and Interventions

Acute kidney injury is characterized by a sudden decrease in renal function, commonly caused by hypovolemia, nephrotoxins, or sepsis. Early identification and removal of the underlying cause are essential for recovery. Clinical signs include reduced urine output, fluid overload, and electrolyte imbalances. Diagnostic tools such as creatinine levels, urine output measurement, and fractional excretion of sodium help distinguish prerenal, intrinsic, and postrenal causes. Fluid management, avoidance of nephrotoxic drugs, and timely initiation of renal replacement therapy can improve outcomes. Collaboration between critical care and nephrology teams is often required.

Topics covered:

• Sepsis-induced AKI

• Nephrotoxicity and medication-induced AKI

• Dialysis indications in acute renal failure