Nephrology and Kidney Diseases

Diabetic Kidney Disease and Metabolic Syndromes

Diabetic kidney disease is a leading cause of chronic kidney disease and end-stage renal disease worldwide. Hyperglycemia triggers glomerular hyperfiltration, mesangial expansion, and ultimately glomerulosclerosis. Microalbuminuria is an early marker, progressing to proteinuria and declining glomerular filtration rate. Management focuses on optimal glycemic control, blood pressure regulation, and the use of agents like sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitors and angiotensin receptor blockers, which offer renal protection. Recent guidelines recommend individualizing therapy based on cardiovascular and renal risk profiles. Nutritional management and regular screening are essential to delay progression. Emphasis is also placed on identifying high-risk individuals with metabolic syndrome features for early intervention.

Topics covered:

• Early diagnosis and biomarkers

• Role of SGLT2 inhibitors and GLP-1 receptor agonists

• Risk stratification and lifestyle modification