Nephrology and Kidney Diseases

Inflammation, Oxidative Stress, and Renal Fibrosis

Chronic inflammation and oxidative stress are central to the progression of kidney diseases. Pro-inflammatory cytokines and reactive oxygen species contribute to cellular injury, glomerulosclerosis, and tubular interstitial fibrosis. Persistent inflammation leads to irreversible changes in kidney structure, ultimately reducing functional nephron mass. Renal fibrosis is the final common pathway in both acute and chronic kidney conditions. Therapeutic strategies target key molecular pathways such as transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β), nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB), and the renin-angiotensin system. Antioxidants, anti-inflammatory agents, and antifibrotic drugs are under investigation to halt or reverse this progression. A better understanding of these mechanisms opens the door to personalized medicine and more effective renal protection strategies.

Topics covered:

• Molecular mechanisms of renal inflammation

• Fibrosis and its impact on kidney function

• Antioxidants and anti-inflammatory therapies